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Although phytoplankton are often not noticeable at all compared to the seaweeds , phytoplankton can be actually very noticeable when there is a massive bloom such as the red tides and other Harmful Algal Blooms [HABs].
In such cases, the phytoplankton can change the color of the ocean for miles and poison the air. These algae are tiny, but the important thing to note is that the oceans and the major lakes of the world provide a vast habitat for the phytoplankton and they can achieve almost unimaginable densities.
There are several interesting groups of marine and freshwater phytoplankton not covered in this brief introduction and there are important green algae phytoplankton—especially in freshwater ecosystems, but this review will stick to the marine Big 4 or Pasturage of the Seas, that is, the diatoms, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and the blue—green algae.
Despite living in glass houses, the diatoms in some cases actually move around and at certain times even manage to have sex. But perhaps the single most important thing to note is that diatoms are often very abundant and, thus, important members of their respective ecosystems.
The glass houses or more scientifically, the frustules survive for thousands of years and in fact diatomaceous earth diatomite used in pool filter systems and in car polishes is found in massive deposits sometimes hundreds of feet thick. There are 12, known species of diatoms and some estimate that there may be as many as 60, to , species Hasle and Syvertsen The eukaryotic dinoflagellates are very abundant normally and can achieve densities of 10 7 —10 8 cells per liter Graham and Wilcox during blooms which are often HABs associated with paralytic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrhetic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shelfish poisoning, and ciguatera fish poisoning.
Given the litany of obnoxious poisoning that can be caused by dinoflagellates, one must return to the question: Are these algae bad? First, the dinoflagellates are mostly harmless sources of oxygen and food for other organisms. Second, whenever massive blooms of dinoflagellates occur there is most often a human cause, most typically excessive nutrients from anthropogenic pollution. So the problem, gentle reader, is not in our algae, but in ourselves.
On a more positive note, dinoflagellates can exhibit bioluminescence and produce dreamlike scenes of people, boats, or dolphins moving through the water at night creating glowing trails. The dinoflagellates have a more serious role as the symbionts or, zooxanthellae of corals. These eukaryotic phytoplankton species are fascinating in several ways. They are, often beautiful, calcium carbonate platelets borne on the surface of the flagellated unicellular algae.
The exact function of the coccoliths is not understood, but there is experimental evidence that ocean acidification can clearly interfere with normal coccolith production and thus might have adverse effects on these important phytoplankton species. Another dramatic feature of the coccolithophorids is that they can be very abundant—so abundant in fact that they can turn the surface of the northern Atlantic whitish for miles and miles, and clearly can be seen in satellite photographs.
The abundance of the coccolithophorids can be made dramatically clear when one considers that the flagellated unicells are microscopic—too small to be seen without a good microscope. If one keeps in mind how tiny the coccoliths are and then considers the white cliffs of Dover and realizes that the chalk of the white cliffs of Dover is largely composed of coccoliths, one realizes that there had to have been billions and billions of coccolithophorids living and dying in the ocean over millions of years to generate such massive accumulations.
It seems appropriate to return to, and conclude with, the prokaryotic blue—green algae, those hardworking photosynthesizers that changed the atmosphere of the planet. Like other prokaryotes the blue—green algae are abundant and present in almost every conceivable habitat from oceans and lakes as expected , to ice, snow, thermal hot springs, and deserts perhaps not as expected.
But while we and the blue—greens co-inhabit the planet, we owe them our thanks not only for the oxygen they produce and the vital role they play as primary producers in the food webs, but also for nitrogen fixation. Our atmosphere is filled with nitrogen and this inert gas prevents the oxygen in our atmosphere from igniting when we strike a match when the first nuclear bomb test was planned there could have been at least a bit of concern that the buffering effects of nitrogen would not suffice and the whole planet might have gone up in flame but luckily that was not the case!
Living organisms must have nitrogen hence millions of dollars spent on nitrogen-rich fertilizers around the world , but not in the form of the inert gas two nitrogen atoms tightly bound by three covalent bonds.
Thus, nitrogen fixation or, the process of breaking those covalent bonds and adding other atoms like hydrogen and oxygen to the nitrogen is, like photosynthesis and respiration, one of the most important physiological processes. The blue—green algae are nitrogen fixers which explains, in some cases, why blue—green algae can grow in such hostile environments and why we should thank the blue—green algae once again for what they do.
Like the other phytoplankton algae described, the blue—greens are very abundant and can achieve bloom-level densities that color the water, often reddish due to the red phycoerythrin pigment that can mask the blue—green phycocyanin pigment. Of course, the question of how the blind poet Homer knew the sea was wine dark is an interesting question.
At this point our gratitude should know no bounds, but there is indeed still more. The major gas and oil deposits that we are so rapidly depleting came largely from Cretaceous algae deposits. Another thank you is in order. Various kinds of algae but especially the blue—greens, reds, greens, and browns are sources of new pharmaceutical compounds helpful in our battles against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains plaguing our hospitals, against viral infections including Herpes and AIDS , and against some forms of cancer.
Another thank you In short, the algae are efficient harvesters of sunlight and do not waste much energy on intricate structure or pretty flowers. They can grow in brackish or salt water and do not need precious crop lands for growth. The algae can strip nutrients from polluted waters and they do use lots of CO 2 to grow and prosper. So, as we face the end of cheap fossil fuels and the perils of global warming, the algae might, once again, change things for the better and help give humankind some extra time before we go the way of It would certainly be a grand advance if we found ourselves having to thank the algae yet again.
They helped us again during the Cretaceous when our major current oil and gas deposits were generated by marine algae. Additional general information about the algae can be found in texts such as Algae Graham and Wilcox , Phycology Lee , and Algae—An Introduction to Phycology van den Hoek et al. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Google Scholar. In: Tomas CR ed Identifying marine diatoms and dinoflagellates. Academic, New York, pp 5— Kump LR The rise of atmospheric oxygen.
Likewise, Cambridge University's Nick Butterfield, while accepting the data, disagrees with the interpretation. In fact, he thinks that Brocks has got cause and effect back to front; the explosion of algae did not drive the rise of animals, he says. Instead, he says, it was the rise of animals - sponges to be precise - that cleared the ecological path for algae.
Brocks and Butterfield debated the interpretation in the corridors of the Goldschmidt geochemistry conference in Paris this week , as others looked on. Brocks remains unswayed - that the outburst of algae million years ago "kicked off an escalating arms race" in which larger creatures, fuelled by their ocean-grazing, become prey to yet larger ones - until you end up with the complexity we see today. The biomolecules were contained in oil extracted from deeply buried rock. Image source, SPL.
More than million years ago, Earth froze over even down to the equator. Large, complex organisms appear in the fossil record from about million years ago. Blue whale: An "escalating arms race" resulted in the diversity we see today. Related Topics. Earth science Evolution Geology.
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