Already , still or yet? Also , as well or too? Alternate ly , alternative ly Although or though? Altogether or all together? Amount of , number of or quantity of? Any more or anymore? Anyone , anybody or anything? Apart from or except for? Arise or rise? Around or round?
Arouse or rouse? As or like? As , because or since? As , when or while? Been or gone? Begin or start? Beside or besides? Between or among? Born or borne? Bring , take and fetch Can , could or may? Classic or classical? Come or go? Consider or regard? Consist , comprise or compose? Content or contents? Different from , different to or different than? Do or make?
Down , downwards or downward? During or for? Each or every? East or eastern ; north or northern? Economic or economical? Efficient or effective? Elder , eldest or older , oldest?
End or finish? Especially or specially? Except or except for? Expect , hope or wait? Experience or experiment? Fall or fall down? Far or a long way? Farther , farthest or further , furthest? Fast , quick or quickly? Fell or felt? Female or feminine ; male or masculine? Finally , at last , lastly or in the end? First , firstly or at first? Fit or suit? In particular, we argued that participants could anticipate the phonological encoding of the first phoneme of the utterance in D-N and D-A-N utterances, explaining the absence of difference in naming times and in the duration of the last stable electrophysiological pattern between D-N and N utterances.
This explanation should now be tested directly by comparing the ERP pattern in blocked vs. The present study took on the challenge to examine the production of multi-word noun phrases with ERPs. Considering our current knowledge about the time course of word production with isolated word, these time windows can be related to grammatical and phonological encoding processes.
More generally, the present study shows that ERPs are likely to offer a powerful insight into the temporal dynamics of multi-word utterance production. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. This research was supported by Swiss National Science Foundation grants no.
In these models, the effects of name agreement and block order are still significant. Note that all main effects and interaction remain significant in separate models where random slope terms are introduced for one predictor at a time. Acheson, D. Response conflict as a mechanism for monitoring in speech production. Pubmed Abstract Pubmed Full Text. Alario, F. The production of determiners: evidence from French. Cognition 82, — A set of pictures standardized for French: norms for name agreement, image agreement, familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, and age of acquisition.
Methods Instrum. Predictors of picture naming speed. Allum, P. Planning scope in spoken sentence production: the role of grammatical units. Aristei, S. Electrophysiological chronometry of semantic context effects in language production.
Baayen, R. Analyzing Linguistic Data. Cambridge: CUP. CrossRef Full Text. Mixed-effects modeling with crossed random effects for subjects and items. Analyzing reaction times. Barr, D. Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: keep it maximal. Barry, B. Age of acquisition, word frequency, and the locus of repetition priming of picture naming. Barry, C. Naming the Snodgrass and Vanderwart pictures: effects of age of acquisition, frequency, and name agreement.
Belke, E. Age of acquisition effects in picture naming: evidence for a lexical-semantic competition hypothesis. Cognition 96, B45—B Blackford, T. A funny thing happened on the way to articulation: N attenuation despite behavioral interference in picture naming. Cognition , 84— Bock, K. Bonin, P. The determinants of spoken and written picture naming latencies. A new set of pictures for psycholinguistic studies: french norms for name agreement, image agreement, conceptual familiarity, visual complexity, image variability, age of acquisition, and naming latencies.
Box, G. An analysis of transformations. B 26, — Brunet, D. Brysbaert, M. The effect of age of acquisition: partly frequency-related, partly frequency-independent. Catling, J. Age of acquisition, not word frequency affects object recognition: evidence from the effects of visual degradation.
Acta Psychol. Cheng, X. Name agreement in picture naming: an ERP study. Costa, A. The production of noun phrases in English and Spanish: implications for the scope of phonological encoding in speech production. The time course of word retrieval revealed by event-related brain potentials during overt speech. Damian, M. Time pressure and phonological advance planning in spoken production. Exploring phonological encoding through repeated segments. Dell, G. A spreading-activation theory of retrieval in sentence production.
Eulitz, C. Electroencephalographic activity over temporal brain areas during phonological encoding in picture naming. Ganushchak, L. The use of electroencephalography in language production research: a review. Garrett, M. I, ed B. Butterworth London: Academic Press , — Goldstein, H. Multilevel Models in Educational and Social Research. London: Griffin. Habets, B. Neurophysiological correlates of linearization in language production. BMC Neurosci. Hoshino, N.
Language selection in bilingual word production: electrophysiological evidence for cross-language competition. Brain Res. Indefrey, P. The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components: a critical update. Jaeger, T. Alignment as a consequence of expectation adaptation: syntactic priming is affected by the prime's prediction error given both prior and recent experience.
Cognition , 57— Jescheniak, J. Utterance format affects phonological priming in the picture-word task: implications for models of phonological encoding in speech production. Johnson, C. Cognitive components of picture naming. Kan, I. Selection from perceptual and conceptual representations. Kempen, G. The lexicalization process in sentence production and naming: Indirect election of words.
Cognition 14, — Khateb, A. Spatio-temporal analysis of electric brain activity during semantic and phonological word processing.
Kittredge, A. Where is the effect of frequency in word production? Insights from aphasic picture-naming errors. Koenig, T. Microstates in language-related brain potential maps show noun-verb differences.
Brain Lang. Michel, T. Koenig, D. Brandeis, L. Gianotti, and J. Wackermannm Cambridge: CUP , 93— Konopka, A. Planning ahead: how recent experience with structures and words changes the scope of linguistic planning. Laganaro, M. ERP topographic analyses from concept to articulation in word production studies.
Time course of evoked-potential changes in different forms of anomia in aphasia. Comparing electrophysiological correlates of word production in immediate and delayed naming through the analysis of word age of acquisition effects.
Brain Topogr. Time course of word production in fast and slow speakers: a high density ERP topographic study. Neuroimage 59, — Lee, E.
Ways of looking ahead: hierarchical planning in language production. Cognition , — Lehmann, D. Gevins and A. Remond Amsterdam: Elsevier , — EEG alpha map series: brain micro-states by space-oriented adaptive segmentation. Levelt, W. Speaking: From Intention to Articulation. Examples of simple noun phrases include: the little boy the happy puppy the building on the corner the sharp pencil your religion.
Noun Phrase Modifiers The modifier can come before or after the noun. Purpose and Use of Noun Phrases in Sentences The purpose of a noun phrase is to provide more detail to a sentence. Noun Phrase as a Subject To be a complete sentence, a sentence needs a subject.
The spotted puppy is up for adoption. The bohemian house was brightly decorated for the holidays. Noun Phrase as an Object In addition to needing a subject, you also have an object within a sentence. At the zoo, I saw a striped zebra. I want a cute puppy for Christmas. Noun Phrase as a Prepositional Object When the noun phrase becomes a prepositional object, it will start with a preposition like "in" or "to.
Jose drives to an awful job every morning. Noun Phrase With Adjective You'll also come across sentences where the noun phrase includes words that act as an adjective. The Delta Airlines flight to New York is ready to board. Noun Phrase as a Participle You've probably seen a participle in a sentence like "gardening.
She kindly offered water to the gardener working in the hot sun. Having been a police officer , he knew how to defend himself.
Noun Phrase Plus to-Infinitive A noun phrase can be used as a to-infinitive to show something that might be a necessity or possibility. The ability to give to others is an important character trait. Our decision to get married was celebrated by all our friends. All these people can help students understand how noun phrases fit into the syntax of a sentence, produce more complex noun phrases as they become more advanced , and become aware of how noun phrases operate differently in different registers.
Help Log in Sign up Newsletter. You are here Home » Knowing the subject » Articles. Average: 3. The structure of noun phrases Noun phrases in class Conclusion What is a noun phrase? There could be a string of adjectives and pre-modifying nouns instead of just one.
Both of these systems have their own structural rules. Any part of the noun phrase can simply be stripped away apart from the word 'The' here, as 'consultant' is not a noun phrase in itself.
So 'The very tall education consultant with the roving eye' can become 'The tall education consultant with the roving eye' here 'very' has been deleted. I have four suggestions to make, all of which I constantly use with my students: I encourage students to understand what a noun phrase is. To reinforce this understanding, I ask my students to study texts and answer such questions as "What pronoun could this noun phrase be replaced by?
0コメント